Cushing's syndrome, often simply referred to as Cushing's, is a complex hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition can result from various factors, including tumors on the pituitary gland (Cushing's disease), adrenal tumors, or ectopic production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from other tumors. Common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area, a rounded face, easy bruising, and skin changes. Patients may also experience other significant health issues, such as hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis, making early recognition and management vital.

Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, hormone level testing, and imaging studies. Healthcare providers may use 24-hour urinary free cortisol tests, late-night salivary cortisol tests, or low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests to confirm hypercortisolism. If diagnosed, the next step is to determine the underlying cause, as treatment options can vary significantly based on the source of hormone overproduction. Addressing the root cause can involve surgical intervention, radiation therapy, or medication to control cortisol levels.

Management of Cushing's syndrome often requires a multidisciplinary approach due to the disorder's multifaceted nature and its impact on various bodily systems. Patients may need support from endocrinologists, surgeons, and mental health professionals, considering the psychological effects associated with the condition. Lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, are crucial for improving overall health and managing symptoms. Ongoing research into personalized treatments and better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cushing's is essential, as it holds promise for more targeted therapies in the future.